Research Publications on CmapTools & Concept MappingThe following is a selection of papers published by IHMC researchers on CmapTools, concept mapping, and their uses, the majority of which are available for download. Some of the papers may appear in more than one section. Tutorial-like documents can be found in the Learn section of this site.
The following are the main citations to use for references to CmapTools in your publications:
CmapTools: A Knowledge Modeling and Sharing Environment, A. J. Cañas, G. Hill, R. Carff, N. Suri, J. Lott, G. Gómez, T. Eskridge, M. Arroyo, R. Carvajal, in Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Pamplona, Spain (September 14-17, 2004), Editorial Universidad Pública de Navarra.
Concept Maps: Integrating Knowledge and Information Visualization, A. J. Cañas, R. Carff, G. Hill, M. Carvalho, M. Arguedas, T. C. Eskridge, J. Lott, R. Carvajal, in Knowledge and Information Visualization: Searching for Synergies, S.-O. Tergan, and T. Keller, Editors. 2005. Heidelberg / New York: Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct and Use Them, J. D. Novak & A. J. Cañas, Technical Report IHMC CmapTools 2006-01, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC), 2006.
At each of the biennial International Conference on Concept Mapping, Profs. Joseph D. Novak and Alberto J. Cañas of IHMC, and more recently Priit Reiska from Tallinn University have delivered a Keynote talk. Following are these talks.
At the 1st Int. Conference on Concept Mapping (CMC2004), in Pamplona, Spain:
Building on New Constructivist Ideas and CmapTools to Create a New Model of Education, J. D. Novak & A. J. Cañas., in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Pamplona, Spain (September 14-17, 2004), Editorial Universidad Pública de Navarra.
At the 2nd Int. Conference on Concept Mapping (CMC2006) in San José, Costa Rica:
Re-Examining the Foundations for Effective Use of Concept Maps, A. J. Cañas & J. D. Novak, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping, San José, Costa Rica (September 5-8, 2006), Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, pp. 494-502.
At the 3rd Int. Conference on Concept Mapping (CMC2008) in Tallinn, Estonia & Helsinki, Finland:
Next Step: Consolidating the Cmappers Community, A. J. Cañas & J. D. Novak, in: Connecting Educators - Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping, Tallinn, Estonia & Helsinki, Finland (September 22-25, 2008), Tallinn University.
At the 4th Int. Conference on Concept Mapping (CMC2010) in Viña del Mar, Chile:
The Universality and Ubiquitousness of Concept Maps, A. J. Cañas & J. D. Novak, in: Concept Maps: Making Learning Meaningful - Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Viña del Mar, Chile (Oct. 5-7, 2010), Universidad de Chile.
At the 5th Int. Conference on Concept Mapping (CMC2012), Valetta, Malta:
Freedom vs. Restriction of Content and Structure during Concept Mapping - Possibilities and Limitations for Construction and Assessment, A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak & P. Reiska, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology - Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Valletta, Malta (Sept. 17-20, 2012), University of Malta.
At the 6th Int. Conference on Concept Mapping (CMC2014), Santos, Brasil:
How Good is My Cmap? Am I a Good Cmapper?, A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak & P. Reiska, in: Concept Mapping to Learn and Innovate - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Concept Mapping, Santos, Brasil (Sept. 2014), Universidade de São Paulo.
An updated version has been published as:
How Good is My Cmap? Am I a Good Cmapper?, A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak & P. Reiska, Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal (KM&EL), Vol 7, No 1 (2015), pp. 6-19.
Concept Maps: A Theoretical Note on Concepts and the Need for Cyclic Concept Maps, F. Safayeni, N. Derbentseva, A. J. Cañas, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 42(7)(2005), pp. 741-766.
Experiments on the Effects of Map Structure and Concept Quantification during Concept Map Construction, N. Derbentseva, F. Safayeni, A. J. Cañas, in Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Pamplona, Spain (2004), Universidad Pública de Navarra.
How Good is My Cmap? Am I a Good Cmapper?, A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak & P. Reiska, Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal (KM&EL), Vol 7, No 1 (2015), pp. 6-19.
Freedom vs. Restriction of Content and Structure during Concept Mapping - Possibilities and Limitations for Construction and Assessment, A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak & P. Reiska, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology - Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Valletta, Malta (Sept. 17-20, 2012), University of Malta.
A Semantic Scoring Rubric for Concept Maps: Design and Reliability, N. L. Miller & A. J. Cañas in: Connecting Educators - Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping, Tallinn, Estonia & Helsinki, Finland (September 22-25, 2008), Tallinn University.
Use of the CmapTools Recorder to Explore Acquisition of Skill in Concept Mapping, N. L. Miller & A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak, in: Connecting Educators - Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping, Tallinn, Estonia & Helsinki, Finland (September 22-25, 2008), Tallinn University.
Effect of the Nature of the Focus Question on the Presence of Dynamic Propositions in a Concept Map, N. L. Miller & A. J. Cañas, in: Connecting Educators - Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping, Tallinn, Estonia & Helsinki, Finland (September 22-25, 2008), Tallinn University.
The Universality and Ubiquitousness of Concept Maps, A. J. Cañas & J. D. Novak, in: Concept Maps: Making Learning Meaningful - Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Viña del Mar, Chile (Oct. 5-7, 2010), Universidad de Chile.
Confiabilidad de una Taxonomía Topológica para Mapas Conceptuales, A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak, N. L. Miller, C. M. Collado, M. Rodríguez, M. Concepción, C. Santana, L. Peña, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping, San José, Costa Rica (September 5-8, 2006), Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, pp. 153-161.
Two Strategies for Encouraging Functional Relationships in Concept Maps, N. Derbentseva, F. Safayeni & A. J. Cañas, in Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping, San José, Costa Rica (September 5-8, 2006), Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica.
Concept Maps: Experiments on Dynamic Thinking, N. Derbentseva, F. Safayeni & A. J. Cañas, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 44(3) (2006).
Experiments on the Effect of Map Structure and Concept Quantification during Concept Map Construction, N. Derbentseva, F. Safayeni, A. J. Cañas, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Pamplona, Spain (September 14-17, 2004), Editorial Universidad Pública de Navarra.
The Origins of Concept Maps and the Continuing Evolution of the Tool, J. D. Novak & A. J. Cañas, Information Visualization Journal 5(3) pp. 175-184 (2006).
Theoretical Origins of Concept Maps, How to Construct Them, and Uses in Education, J. D. Novak & A. J. Cañas, Reflecting Education Online Journal, Vol 3, No 1-2 (2007).
Implications of Parallels in Ausubelian Ideas of Meaningful Learning, Concept Mapping, and Recent Studies in Neurobiology, Especially as Related to Learning in Science and Cognate Disciplines, J. D. Novak & O. Roger Anderson.
Assessing Concept Maps: First Impressions Count, R. Carvajal, A. J. Cañas, M. Carballeda & J. Hurtado, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping, San José, Costa Rica (September 5-8, 2006), Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, pp. 28-31.
Facilitating the Adoption of Concept Mapping Using CmapTools to Enhance Meaningful Learning, A. J. Cañas & J. D. Novak, in: Knowledge Cartography: Software Tools and Mapping Techniques, ed. A. L. P. Okada et al., Springer Verlag, 2008.
Itineraries: Capturing Instructors' Experience Using Concept Maps as Learning Object Organizers, A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak, in: Concept Maps: Making Learning Meaningful - Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Viña del Mar, Chile (Oct. 5-7, 2010), Universidad de Chile.
Los Dados Conceptuales: Un Juego para Aprender a Construir Proposiciones, G. Hughes, J. Barrios, D. Bernal, A. Chang, A. J. Cañas, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping, San José, Costa Rica (September 5-8, 2006), Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, pp. 151- 155.
Monitoreo de la Estructura y Contenido de Mapas Conceptuales de Ciencia y Matemáticas en Servidores de Escuelas Incorporadas al Proyecto Conéctate al Conocimiento, N. L. Miller, A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak, in: Concept Maps: Making Learning Meaningful - Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Viña del Mar, Chile (Oct. 5-7, 2010), Universidad de Chile.
Impacto de Retroalimentación Remota a Mapas Conceptuales Elaborados por Estudiantes del Proyecto Conéctate, N. L. Miller, A. J. Cañas, F. Alves-Rosa, E. Ceballos, C. León, D. Santana, in: Concept Maps: Making Learning Meaningful - Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Viña del Mar, Chile (Oct. 5-7, 2010), Universidad de Chile.
Impact of an Intervention Method Mediated by the Construction of Concept Maps in a News Production Network on Students' Conceptualization of Written Language, P. A. Schäfer, A. J. Cañas, L. C. Fagundes, A. F. T. Primo, in: Theory, Methodology, Technology - Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Valletta, Malta (Sept. 17-20, 2012), University of Malta.
Preconceptions Regarding Concept Maps Held by Panamanian Teachers, N. L. Miller, A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping, San José, Costa Rica (September 5-8, 2006), Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, pp. 469-476.
Un Enfoque Constructivista para el Uso de Mapas Conceptuales en Educación a Distancia de Profesores, I. Dutra, L. Fagundes, A. J. Cañas, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Pamplona, Spain (September 14-17, 2004), Editorial Universidad Pública de Navarra.
Derbetseva, N., F. Safayeni, A. J. Cañas, How to Teach Dynamic Thinking with Concept Maps, In: Teachers and Teaching Strategies, Problems and Innovations, ed. G. F. Ollington, Nova Science Publishers, 2008.
Reiska, P., A. J. Cañas, J. D. Novak, N. L. Miller, Concept Mapping as a Tool for Meaningful Learning and Assessment, In: The Need for a Paradigm Shift in Science Education for Post-Soviet Societies, ed. J. Holbrook, M. Rannikmae, P. Reiska, P. Ilsley, Peter Lang, 2008.
Who Am I? Building a Sense of Pride and Belonging in a Collaborative Network, E. Sánchez, C. Bennett, C. Vergara, R. Garrido, A. J. Cañas, in: Connecting Educators - Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping, Tallinn, Estonia & Helsinki, Finland (September 22-25, 2008), Tallinn University.
The Giant: A Classroom Collaborator, T. R. Reichherzer, A. J. Cañas, K. M. Ford, P. J. Hayes, Workshop on Pedagogical Agents of the Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), San Antonio, 1998, pp. 83-86.
Cañas, A. J., Los Mapas Conceptuales: Una Ventana a la Mente del Estudiante, Revista Internacional Magisterio, Colombia, No. 18 (2005).
Knowledge Construction and Sharing in Quorum, A. J. Cañas, K. M. Ford., J. Brennan, T. Reichherzer & P. Hayes, World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, Washington DC, July 1995.
Knowledge Modeling and the Creation of El-Tech: A Performance Support and Training System for Electronic Technicians, J. W. Coffey, A. J. Cañas, T. Reichherzer, G. Hill, N. Suri, R. Carff, T. Mitrovich & D. Eberle, Expert Systems with Applications, 25(4) 2003.
A Learning Environment Organizer for Asynchronous Distance Learning Systems, J. W. Coffey & A. J. Cañas, Proceedings of the Twelth IASTED International Conference Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems (PDCS 2000). November 6-9, 2000, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Pensum No Lineal: Una Propuesta Innovadora para el Diseño de Planes de Estudio, A. J. Cañas & E. Badilla, Actualidades Investigativas en Educación, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Costa Rica Vol 5, Special Issue (2005).
LEO: A Learning Environment Organizer to Support Computer-Mediated Instruction, J. W. Coffey & A. J. Cañas, Journal for Educational Technology Systems 31(3), 2003.
Online Concept Maps, A. J. Cañas, K. M. Ford, J. Novak, P. Hayes, N. Suri, T. Reichherzer, The Science Teacher, (April 2001).
Daley, B. J., A. J. Cañas, T. Stark-Schweitzer, CmapTools: Integrating Teaching, Learning, and Evaluation in Online Courses, In: New Perspectives of Teaching Adults Online, ed. S. Conceição, New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, Jossey-Bass, 2007(113), pp. 37-47.
Using Using Concept Maps with Technology to Enhance Collaborative Learning in Latin America, Cañas, A. J., K. M. Ford, J. D. Novak, P. Hayes, T. Reichherzer, N. Suri, accepted for publication, Science Teacher.
Algunas Ideas sobre la Educación y las Herramientas Computacionales Necesarias para Apoyar su Implementación, Cañas, A. J., Revista RED: Educación y Formación Profesional a Distancia, Ministerio de Educación, España, (Otoño 1999).
Colaboracion en la Construccion de Conocimiento Mediante Mapas Conceptuales, Cañas, A. J., K. M. Ford, P. H. Hayes, T. Reichherzer, N. Suri, J. W. Coffey, R. Carff, G. Hill, Invited Plenary Talk, VIII Congreso Internacional sobre Tecnología y Educación a Distancia, San José, Costa Rica, (Nov. 1997). Available in the Proceedings of the Conference, pp. XXV- XLII.
A Concept Map-Based Knowledge Modeling Approach to Expert Knowledge Sharing, J. W. Coffey, R. Hoffman, A. J. Cañas & K. M. Ford, IKS 2002- The IASTED International Conference on Information and Knowledge Sharing, November 2002, Virgin Islands.
Concept Maps Applied to Mars Exploration Public Outreach, G. Briggs, D. A. Shamma, A. J. Cañas, R. Carff, J. Scargle, J. D Novak, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Pamplona, Spain (September 14-17, 2004), Editorial Universidad Pública de Navarra.
Hoffman, R. R., J. W. Coffey, J. D. Novak, A. J. Cañas, Application of Concept Maps to Web Design and Web Work, In: Handbook of Human Factors in Web Design, ed. R. W. Proctor & K-P. L. Vu, Mawah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 156-175 (2005).
Managing, Mapping and Manipulating Conceptual Knowledge, Cañas, A. J., D. B. Leake, D. C. Wilson, AAAI Workshop Technical Report WS-99-10: Exploring the Synergies of Knowledge Management & Case-Based Reasoning, AAAI Press, Menlo Calif, (July 1999).
Coffey, J. W., R. Hoffman, A. J. Cañas, Concept Map-based Knowledge Modeling: Perspectives from Information and Knowledge Visualization, Information Visualization Journal 5(3), pp 192-201 (2006).
Ford, K. M., J. W. Coffey, A. J. Cañas, E. J. Andrews, C. W. Turner, Diagnosis and Explanation by a Nuclear Cardiology Expert System, International Journal of Expert Systems, 9, pp 499-506 (1996).
Knowledge Modeling and the Creation of El-Tech: A Performance Support and Training System for Electronic Technicians, J. W. Coffey, A. J. Cañas, T. Reichherzer, G. Hill, N. Suri, R. Carff, T. Mitrovich & D. Eberle, Expert Systems with Applications, 25(4) 2003.
Participatory Explanation, Ford, K. M, A. J. Cañas, J. W. Coffey, Proceedings of FLAIRS 93: Sixth Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Symposium, Ft. Lauderadale, FL, (April 1993), pp. 111-115.
ICONKAT: An Integrated Constructivist Knowledge Acquisition Tool, K. M. Ford, A. J. Cañas, J. Jones, H. Stahl, J. Novak & J. Adams-Webber, Knowledge Acquisition Journal, 3, pp. 215-236 (1991).
CmapTools: A Knowledge Modeling and Sharing Environment, A. J. Cañas, G. Hill, R. Carff, N. Suri, J. Lott, G. Gómez, T. Eskridge, M. Arroyo, R. Carvajal, inn Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Pamplona, Spain (September 14-17, 2004), Editorial Universidad Pública de Navarra.
Knowledge Model Viewers for the iPad and the Web, A. J. Cañas, R. Carff, M. Marcon, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology - Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Valletta, Malta (Sept. 17-20, 2012), University of Malta.
KEA: A Knowledge Exchange Architecture Based on Web Services, Concept Maps, and CmapTools, A. J. Cañas, G. Hill, L. Bunch, R. Carff, T. Eskridge & C. Pérez, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping, San José, Costa Rica (September 5-8, 2006), Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, pp. 304-310.
CmapAnalysis: An Extensible Concept Map Analysis Tool, A. J. Cañas, L. Bunch & P. Reiska, in: Concept Maps: Making Learning Meaningful - Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Viña del Mar, Chile (Oct. 5-7, 2010), Universidad de Chile.
An updated version has been published as:
CmapAnalysis: an Extensible Concept Map Analysis Tool, A. J. Cañas, L. Bunch, J. D. Novak & P. Reiska, JETT, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 36-46 (2013).
Concept Maps and AI: an Unlikely Marriage?, A. J. Cañas & M. Carvalho, Proceedings of SBIE 2004: Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática Educativa, Manaus, Brasil (November 2004).
A version in Portuguese has been published as:
Mapas Conceituais e IA: Uma União Improvável?, A. J. Cañas & M. Carvalho, Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação 13(1) pp. 9-19 (2005).
Using Automatically Generated Concept Maps for Document Understanding: a Human Subjects Experiment, A. Valerio, D. Leake, A. J. Cañas, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology - Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Valletta, Malta (Sept. 17-20, 2012), University of Malta.
Associating Documents To Concept Maps In Context, A. J. Cañas, A. Valerio, D. B. Leake, in: Connecting Educators - Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping, Tallinn, Estonia & Helsinki, Finland (September 22-25, 2008), Tallinn University.
Nicho: Facilitating a Collaborative Network of Schools, J. Lott, M. Arroyo, R. Carvajal, C. Pérez, A. J Cañas, G. Hill & F. Lasso De La Vega, in: Connecting Educators - Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping, Tallinn, Estonia & Helsinki, Finland (September 22-25, 2008), Tallinn University.
Ranking Concept Map Retrieval in the CmapTools Network, T. E. Eskridge, A. Granados & A. J. Cañas, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping, San José, Costa Rica (September 5-8, 2006), Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, pp. 477-484.
Automatic Classification of Concept Maps Based on a Topological Taxonomy and Its Application to Studying Features of Human-Built Maps, A. Valerio, D. B. Leake & A. J. Cañas, in: Connecting Educators - Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping, Tallinn, Estonia & Helsinki, Finland (September 22-25, 2008), Tallinn University.
Mining the Web to Suggest Concepts during Concept Mapping, A. J. Cañas, M. Carvalho, M. Arguedas, D. Leake, A. Maguitman & T. Reichherzer, in: Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Pamplona, Spain (September 14-17, 2004), Editorial Universidad Pública de Navarra.
Note: The Conept Suggester has been removed from CmapTools because Google starting charging for accessing their API.
LiveMappers: A Learning Environment for Concept Map-Based Collaborative Projects, A. J. Cañas, G. A. Hill, P. R. Catta, D. B. S. Netto Jr., F. Rodrigues de Paula, A. Nacari Eduardo Motta, E. Twani & Á. G. Dubon Marchelli, in: Concept Maps: Making Learning Meaningful - Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Concept Mapping, Viña del Mar, Chile (Oct. 5-7, 2010), Universidad de Chile.
(Note: the site LiveMappers is not longer available.)
Googling from a Concept Map: Towards Automatic Concept-Map-Based Query Formation, D. B. Leake, A. Maguitman, T. Reichherzer, A. J. Cañas, M. Carvalho, M. Arguedas, T. Eskridge (2004). In Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, A.J. Cañas, J.D. Novak, and F.M. González, Editors, Universidad Pública de Navarra: Pamplona, Spain. p. 409-416.
Using WordNet for Word Sense Disambiguation to Support Concept Map Construction, A. J. Cañas, A. Valerio, J. Lalinde-Pulido, M. Carvalho, M. Arguedas, Proceedings of SPIRE 2003 – 10th International Symposium on String Processing and Information Retrieval, October 2003, Manaus, Brazil.
A version of this paper has been published as:
Using WordNet for Word Sense Disambiguation to Support Concept Map Construction, A. J. Cañas, A. Valerio, J. Lalinde-Pulido, M. Carvalho & M. Arguedas, Proceedings of SPIRE 2003: International Symposium on String Processing and Information Retrieval, Manaus, Brasil (October 8-10, 2003), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2857, Springer Verlag: Berlin.
Aiding Knowledge Capture by Searching for Extensions of Knowledge Models, D. B. Leake, A. Maguitman, T. Reichherzer, A. J. Cañas, M. Carvalho, M. Arguedas, S. Brenes, T. Eskridge, Proceedings of K-CAP ´03, October 2003, Sanibel Island, Florida.
Concept Maps vs. Web Pages for Information Searching and Browsing, M. J. Carnot, B. Dunn, A J. Cañas, P. Graham, J. Muldoon, Manuscript in preparation, 2001.
Enhancing Web Searches from Concept Map-based Knowledge Models, M. Carvalho, R. Hewett, A. J. Cañas, SCI 2001: Fifth Multi-Conference on Systems, Cybernetics and Informatics, Orlando, FL, July 2001.
Note: The Web search has been removed from CmapTools because Google starting charging for accessing their API.
The Giant: An Agent-based Approach to Knowledge Construction & Sharing, T. R. Reichherzer, A. J. Cañas, K. M. Ford & P. J. Hayes, The Eleventh International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Symposium Conference, Sanibel Island, (1998).
Note: The Giant is not part of the current version of CmapTools.
Herramientas para Construir y Compartir Modelos de Conocimiento Basados en Mapas Conceptuales, A. J. Cañas, K. M. Ford, J. W. Coffey, T. Reichherzer, N. Suri, R. Carff, D. Shamma, G. Hill &M. Breedy, Revista de Informática Educativa, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2000), pp. 145-158.